Thermocouple and pyranometer arrangement (unit: m). 1 mm (3. Member. You can use this chassis with. 如果您的设备出现在不同的类别下，请完成以下一个或两个过程：. Power Supply CompactDAQ Chassis Accessory Compatibility Tables. Hi, Yes, you can import triggers and a sample clock into a cDAQ-9178 over the two PFI lines. Call now for best pricing. I find a cDAQ-9178 chassis in our lab without the power supply. Triggering problem on cDAQ-9178. The Chassis gives the plug and play simplicity of USB to. You can access these counters, as well as share clocks and triggers, through two built-in BNC connectors. FlexLogger does not currently support the built-in PFI lines on the cDAQ chassis, so you will have to use an input on one of your sensor modules as the trigger signal. The example uses two National Instruments CompactDAQ analog input modules (9201 and 9211) that have different acquisition rate limits. . 0. Insert a thin, flat screwdriver into the square hole adjacent to the circular hole you wish to use. The data is transferred from the connector to a Python script for automated detection of the fine. NI cDAQ-9178 Dimensions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19. The procedure is similar when using a different measurement instrument or device. The 9178 has 3 separate timing engines. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. ) 88. Expand the USB Settings tab and disable USB selective suspend settings. 開発用コンピュータにLabVIEWがインストールされ、アクティブ化されたので、次にハードウェアを接続します。. Leica AT901-LR Laser Tracker (LT) [28], represented in the figure by its 0. CompactDAQシステムは、あらゆる距離、あらゆる環境でテスト要件に対応するために必要なデータ検証を収集し、提供します。. Order today, ships today. The sampling rate for data acquisition was 20 kHz and data were sampled using a National Instruments device (cDAQ-9178 with NI9215 module) connected via USB to a PC. Connect the NI cDAQ-9178 to the system safety ground. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. PDF DXF 3D CAD Models. October 6, 2009 - National Instruments announced the NI cDAQ-9174 four-slot and cDAQ-9178 eight-slot NI CompactDAQ chassis, which are advanced versions of the popular NI CompactDAQ chassis released in 2006. cDAQ-9178 — cDAQ-9179 — cDAQ-9181 — cDAQ-9184 — cDAQ-9185: This chassis supports network synchronization using IEEE 802. 市場投入までの期間がますます短くなりつつある中、多くのチームは製品の品質を管理することに苦労していますが、クラス最高のテスト組織がその道を切り開いています。 8‑Slot, USB CompactDAQ Chassis. The T60 UV-visible spectrophotometer and the NI cDAQ – 9178 were used to measure the optical transmittance and the sheet resistance of the Cu NW electrode, respectively. 4. 8 mm and is equipped with a piezoelectric pressure transducer for pressure measurement. Desain Koneseptual Sistem Instrumentasi Pengambilan. I have a cDAQ-9135 but my CPU power and memory requirements exceed its limit. 6 mm) wire. Using a custom master timebase,you can achieve rates below this. The chassis is equipped with modules for thermocouple measurements (NI-9214), RTD measurement (NI-9217), and for measuring the voltage drop across the. 08-07-2014 03:42 AM. representative photo click to zoom Weight: 2. Member. Solution. The cDAQ-9178 has a frequency generator channel that can take one of three base clocks (20 MHz, 10 MHz, and 100 kHz) and divide it down by a divisor from 1 to 16. 2. , Austin, Texas). [68] See Figure S1 for a schematic of the current interrupt method. NI cDAQ-9178 Specifications These specifications are for the National Instruments CompactDAQ 9178 chassis only. Select Change advanced power settings. CompactDAQシャーシから電源が接続解除されて. Attach the other end of the wire to the system safety ground. Dear LabView user, I've made a VI for reading the measurements of a couple of LVDT sensors, a load cell and a couple of strain gauges. 47 in. In Fig. Using the default master timebase, the minimum sample rate is 1. 製品のアクティブ化. But if I use 2 modules, and connect the 2 LVDT. Power Supply Mounting Kit 199432-01. . Disconnect the device from power and from the computer. 5 °C. Desktop Mounting - For any CompactDAQ chassis to facilitate the wiring and removal of I/O modules during development. Required equipment: NI CompactDAQ chassis The Gen II CompactDAQ chassis support a maximum of two synchronization pulse signals configured for your system. 8. Options. e. Micro-phones were positioned every 15∘ from 0∘(directly above the propeller) to 150∘ on a C-shaped frame, as shown in Figure 2. Hi, The front panel of cDAQ-9178 Chassis comes with two built in BNC connectors identified as PFI0 and PFI1. During Debugging i tried connecting new cDAQ-9178 and tried connecting old PXIe but. 3. 5 oz) Dimensions (unloaded) 131. Insert the module into slot 8 of the NI cDAQ-9178 chassis. Many teams struggle to manage product quality within shorter and shorter time-to-market windows, but best-in-class test organizations are leading the way. 06-17-2016 06:17 PM. Sumantri Hatmoko, dkk. I have cDAQ 9178 device and its no detecting on my computer. Stability of room temperature was first assured before starting any experiment. dq. National Instruments eingesetzt und ein LabView-Programm genutzt, das die Ausgabe von Kennwerten in Echtzeit ermöglicht. 5 g pk, ADC resolution of 24 bits, signal ranges of ± 5 V and sample rate of 51. NI Employee (retired) 12-19-2013 04:28 PM. In MATLAB, the following features of NI. These specifications are typical at 25 °C unless otherwise noted. The data acquisition system for the experiments utilized a National Instruments CompactDAQ system consisting of a NI-cDAQ-9178 chassis with several NI-9234 anti-aliasing analog signal modules. The manual notes that a power input connector is required, which is a 2 positions 3. 8. 00. Learn how to install, configure, and acquire data from your NI CompactDAQ USB. You can use this chassis with a. With LabVIEW installed and activated on your development computer, the next step is to connect the hardware. DAQmx定时函数的 “采样率（Sample Rate ）” 输入端决定了数据被采集并放置到硬件FIFO的速度。. NI Device Driversは、NI-DAQmx、NI-VISA、NI-SCOPE、NI-SWITCHをはじめ、ほとんどのNI計測器ドライバが含まれているバンドル製品です。. The cDAQ‑9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. Re: CDAQ9178 & NI9775. Pricing and Availability on millions of electronic components from Digi-Key Electronics. The cDAQ-9189 (Part Numbers: 785065-01 , 785065-02, 787930-01) CompactDAQ Chassis comes with parallel advanced output modules (in the past known as equipment coordinated modules), which can be used with various programming coordinated errands on a solitary module. All of what is posted on NI says the following code is needed when implementing bidirectional code, but nothing is stated as for input only counters. NI-DAQmx 19. Timestamp based Start Trigger. Member. サポートされているデバイス経路表. Navigate to an example that matches one of the module's types from step 1 above, e. 6 mm (2. Install the NI 9229/9239 in slot 8 of the NI cDAQ-9178 chassis. More detail on the specs can be found here:This article explains and walks you through how to create simulated NI-DAQmxdevices in NI MAX. hardware is a National Instruments (NI) cDAQ-9178 CompactDAQ chassis, which provides signal conditioning and high sampling rates 2048 Hz for the different types of sensors. Reported In shows products that are verified to work for the solution described in this article. A National Instrument NI cDAQ-9178 was used as the data acquisition system. cDAQ-9178, not shown in Fig. You can use this chassis with a. item 1 National Instruments NI cDAQ-9178 FREE SHIP National Instruments NI cDAQ-9178 FREE SHIP. c. NI is now part of Emerson. $ 797. Contact us with questions for pricing. Select Find Network NI-DAQmx Devices. I have a cDaq-9174 with a power cable connector damaged and now I need to purchase a new cable for it. The temperature and solenoid voltage signals were processed using. It also controls the timing, synchronisation, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. 그림에서 핀 0은 "아날로그 입력 0" 채널에 해당하고 핀 9는 공통 접지에 해당합니다. 2. Ethernet、GPIB、シリアル、USBおよびその他のタイプの計測器をサポートします。. 06-01-2011 01:24 PM. I've run into an issue where the resources for a global channel are not released after using th. 652 kS/s. It also controls the timing, synchronization, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. Table 1. Whether you are creating a new configuration, replacing or expanding your current CompactDAQ System, or verifying that existing parts can be used in a different configuration, this guide can help. 7 mm (0. Lo chassis offre la semplicità plug-and-play della tecnologia USB per misure elettriche e con sensore. niでは、世界で最も困難な課題を解決する自動テストおよび計測システムを開発しています。お客様とともに、お客様の組織のこれからの100年に向けた創造的なソリューションのエンジニアリングを行います。Technical Sales #eská Republika 800 142 669 ni. NI-DAQmx provides multiple functions for reading and writing data. using a NI cDAQ 9178 with NI9201 interface card. Free shipping. 1 GB (32-bit), 2 GB (64-bit) of RAM. You can select the chassis in NI MAX and click the Self. for any updates to the current NI-DAQmx readme. More info, here. It also controls the timing, synchronization, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. NI's CompactDAQ Chassis has options for one to 14 module slots, allowing users to choose the I/O modules needed for their current and future test applications. The duty cycle of PWM wave is adjustable. In our experiments, power samples were obtained from the 12-Volt lines connecting the power supply unit to the motherboard of the target platform Footnote 2, using an internal wattmeter composed of a National Instruments (NI) analog input module (9205) plugged into a NI chassis (cDAQ-9178) and a board of current transducers (LEM HXS 20. Ethernet、GPIB、シリアル、USBおよびその他のタイプの計測器をサポートします。. Launch Measurement & Automation Explorer. simultaneous bridge module NI-9237, together with the NI cDAQ-9178 CompactDAQ USB chassis. comThe signals were captured with a National Instruments® NI cDAQ-9178 data acquisition system (DAQ), equipped with an NI 9223 module to capture signals with a sampling rate of 51,2 kS/s. Task » Hardware Input and Output » DAQmx » Analog Input ». Currently I have a NI 9411 module in a cDAQ 9178 chassis. The National Instruments cDAQ-9178 is a CompactDAQ Chassis (Part Number: 781156-01) intended for little, versatile sensor estimation frameworks. Il contrôle également le cadencement, la synchronisation et le transfert de données entre des modules d'E/S de la Série C. NI cDAQTM-9171/9174/9178 User Manual NI CompactDAQ USB 2. Local. After speaking to an NI application engineer I was advised that the USB-cDAQ, doesn’t have a RS232. 0 out of 5 stars based on 1 product rating. Description. It will also help if you see a red X next to where you had been able to see your cDAQ previously, or if you can't add your module to your network cDAQ chassis in NI MAX. cDAQ-9178 è uno chassis CompactDAQ USB progettato per sistemi di misura con sensori portatili, di dimensioni compatte. The cDAQ-9189, has one buit-in PFI, that can be used for this purpose. Reconnect Device - Unplug & replug device, switch USB port. To obtain more information about a particular device, view the "DeviceInfo" table cell for it. Power Supply Mounting Kit 199432-01. This type of ferrite is available from National Instruments (part number 781233-01). (a) Aluminum tape coated sample at heating test. . The stabilizing time period was chosen considering the constancy. It also controls the timing, synchronization, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. cDAQ-9178. cDAQ-9178. Each chassis must have one NI-9469 to be installed, so two NI-9469 are required in this case. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. Attach a ring lug to a 14 AWG (1. cDAQ-9178是专为小型便携式传感器测量系统而设计的总线供电CompactDAQ USB机箱。. All temperature and voltage data were collected using a National Instruments cDAQ-9178 chassis with NI 9213 temperature and NI 9205 voltage modules. 781156-01 – DAQ Chassis for use with CompactDAQ from NI. 您可以通过两种方式打开MAX：. 请联系我们询价。. I mean to say The cDAQ is detected but when i connect the module to it then that module is not detected. This page provides documents in a variety of file formats that are compatible with most commercial third-party CAD software. The designed wind tunnel is composed by a settling chamber, a contraction section, a test. It also controls the timing, synchronisation, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. 4. com de dos maneras: Correo electrónico de reclamación de software: Después de comprar LabVIEW u otros módulos. Click Create Task. This acquisition system is used in the sine sweep mode and an average over 300 cycles is used at each frequency step. NI-DAQmx Issue Details When I connect my USB DAQ or CompactDAQ (cDAQ) device to my computer, Windows recognizes that new hardware was found. NI cDAQ-9178 Dimensions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19. Re: USB cable length for NI cDAQ-9178. Puede. The "Data Rates" section of the NI-9234 Datasheet explains how the minimum sampling rate is determined for any given timebase. Download : Download high-res image (286KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. To use this method, you must have a CompactDAQ chassis with one or more built-in PFI lines or a parallel. Options. Ultra-high purity grade oxygen, nitrogen, argon (>99. Some CompactDAQ chassis can be connected using Ethernet. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. 이 섀시는 센서 및 전기 측정에 대한 USB의 단순한 플러그 앤 플레이 기능을 제공합니다. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. All singles are processed by the LabVIEW data acquisition system, which consists of an industrial computer, a NI cDAQ-9178 data acquisition board, two NI 9213 modules to obtain temperature and four NI 9203 modules to obtain current signals of pressure transducers. b. com Datasheet ales: +44 ) 123 570 22 W ebsie: lico . The chassis and C Series modules make CompactDAQ an ideal universal test instrument for. CompactDAQ is a cost-effective approach to benchtop measurement. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. Ensure that power is disconnected from the CompactDAQ chassis. 如果您尚未打开，请启动NI Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX)。. This file contains installation instructions and compatibility information for NI-DAQmx. Amplitude information of the signals from the electronics attached to the scintillator-coupled multi-anode PMTs was collected using a data acquisition board (cDAQ-9178), and the timing information was sent to a FPGA (SPARTAN3E). The non-Iinear loads are evaluated by measurements as two-port networks and various powers associated with the load are determined according to the. Contact us with questions for pricing. What I am trying to find is the connector that is mentioned in the datasheet, however I. Instruments data acquisition system, using a NI cDAQ-9178 chassis with a NI 9203 module to capture the values of the variables of inlet flow, outlet flow, inlet pressure and outlet pressure of the pipe and transmit them to a database accessible through a virtual instrument that was developed and described in [19]. 8‑Slot, USB CompactDAQ Chassis. 5. The Device class of the NI-DAQmx C# API has a Reset method included as part of the class. 1TDP5: Before the charging cycle, the air-blower was connected to the top side of the packed-bed system. Okay, thank you for the answers. EDIT: for anyone interested, I now have this working in the following way, with a live visual feedback using matplotlib, and - not 100% percent sure yet - it seems there no buffer problems even if one aims at. Order by Part Number or Request a Quote. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The cDAQ‑9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. También controla la temporización, la sincronización y la transferencia de datos entre los módulos de E/S de. The accel-Le cDAQ‑9178 est un châssis CompactDAQ USB, conçu pour des systèmes compacts portables de mesure par capteur. Using NI MAX. This unit ships sealed in the manufacturer's static bag and includes the AEL15US12 power supply, and a 198506-02 Locking USB Cable. Many teams struggle to manage product quality within shorter and shorter time-to-market windows, but best-in-class test organizations are leading the way. What are the subVIs and function blocks that will allow me to program my cDAQ? 8‑Slot, USB CompactDAQ Chassis. In. 06-06-2023 04:28 PM. It also controls the timing, synchronization, and data transfer between C Series I/O. The best replacement for this device will be a PXI, PXIe, or CompactDAQ chassis. There is also a Ni-9401 which I can use. Note Some C Series I/O modules have additional power requirements. g. Power Requirements Caution You must use a National Electric Code (NEC) Class 2 power source with the NI cDAQ-9174 chassis. 11-18-2019 11:38 PM. Power Supply Part Number: 190415B-01. when connected to the USB 3 port, no beep, no recognition at all in Device Manager or in MAX. 第一步要先安装好labview和DAQmx驱动，要注意他们之间版本的兼容性，发布时间相差太大的话就不兼容了。. NI cDAQ-9178/9174 User Guide and Specifications. The cDAQ‑9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. The cDAQ-9174 CompactDAQ Chassis (Part Number: 781157-01) has four slots, which can each hold a C Series module. Dan_N. 6. Check the module datasheet to ensure that these modules allow synchronization. The cDAQ-9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. Make sure that the NI cDAQ-9178 power source is not connected. Software Support for CompactRIO, CompactDAQ, Single-Board RIO, R Series, and EtherCAT. I am using 2 of the counters to read frequency measurements. NI cDAQ TM-9171/9174/9178 User Manual NI CompactDAQ USB 2. The signal acquisition was performed by a National Instrument acquisition system (NI cDAQ-9178 + 7 × NI 9234 + NI CRIO-9263) driven by an in-house acquisition software called INTAC. 1 shows the schematic of the RCM experimental setup. cDAQ-9178製品 の 規格 認証 - NI ホームページに戻る Re: Want to reset CDAQ-9178 chassis via my C# program, Ryan_K. used. Re: Difference between cDAQ-9174 and cDAQ-9178. 1, Fig. NI cDAQ-9178 Chassis and NI 9401 Digital I/O Module. 3. Subsequently, I connected this channel to one of the channel. For conditions where EMI could be an issue, the 7. This page documents all the applicable standards and certifications for the cDAQ-9178 and provides downloadable certifications. It also controls the timing, synchronization, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. Regards, Jens. These specifications are typical at 25 °C unless. 0 Chassis NI cDAQ-9171/9174/9178 User Manual July 2016 372838E-01 This page documents all the applicable standards and certifications for the cDAQ-9178 and provides downloadable certifications. 3. Step 3: Connect the USB to the computer, the following notification should appear: lick Go for egin an application with this device. When I look in the Windows Device Manager, the device has a yellow exclamation point and says USB Flash Firmware Loader. National Instrument NI cDAQ-9178 Manual Start DAQExpress: Step 1: Turn on the system by connecting to an outlet using output number 4 above. The estimation particulars, including number of channels, channel setup, test rate, and pick up, are. when connected to the USB 2 port, a beep is generated in Windows, along with a notification that the USB Device Not. . Download : Download high-res image (580KB) Download : Download full-size image; Fig. To do so, select the Counter on the DIO module and use the DAQmx Channel to specify which terminal to output the signal on, as shown below. Re: Want to reset CDAQ-9178 chassis via my C# program, Ryan_K. MAX会随NI硬件驱动程序一并安装。. 25 in. This page provides dimensional drawings for the cDAQ-9178. When I look in the Windows Device Manager, the device has a yellow exclamation point and says USB Flash Firmware Loader. 08-19-2013 05:08 AM. A programmable power source (Koard KA3005P) powers the heater. MXI-Express DAQ Chassis on a standard 19-inch rack. Main characteristics of the test engine. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. Scenario 1 - I have one cDAQ - 9178 and it works perfectly fine in one of our ATE (Automated Test Equipment). Reference this information to ensure you install the correct version when upgrading or updating your system or software. This behavior is caused by the Ethernet cDAQ chassis not being automatically reserved by the computer. TiBr. 75 in. The manual notes that a power input connector is required, which is a 2 positions 3. Figure 12: NI cDAQ-9178 with two BNC ports can be used to import or export timing and trigger signals. A more thorough explanation of this behavior is included in the Additional Info section. Re: Power for NI 9862 within cDAQ 9178. This page is part of the CompactDAQ System. The cDAQ‑9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. 7 with no change, that is cDAQ-9178 not recognized in MAX or by Windows Device Manager. CDAQ-9178, COMPACTDAQ CHASSIS (8. El chasis proporciona la simplicidad plug-and-play de USB a sensores y mediciones eléctricas. 00 lbs Estimated Value - 3,922. The cDAQ‑9174 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. Part Number: 196654C-01L, 781156-01. The chassis provides the plug-and-play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. Bookmark. Select Browse my computer for driver software. Go to Power Options via: All Control Panel Items » Power Options » Edit Plan Setting s. コミュニティ. This limits the system to two tasks with different oversample clock timebases. Fig. English Deutsch Français Español Português Italiano Român Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Türkçe Suomi Latvian Lithuanian česk. National Instruments cDAQ 9178: DAQ software: LabView Express: Blower: Dayton Electric Mfg. Install the module in slot 8 of the NI cDAQ-9178 chassis. Data were imported and processed in MathWorks MATLAB environment. 8 When operating the NI cDAQ-9178 in temperatures below 0 °C, you must use the PS-15 power supply or another power supply rated for below 0 °C. The whole system was first stabilized at 495 °C for three hours. Secondary Image. 0, onboard trigger. NI cDAQ TM-9171/9174/9178 User Manual NI CompactDAQ USB 2. 4 mm (1. com. NIの集録および信号調整デバイスをサポートします。. NI-DAQmx Manuals: New features, behavior changes, and other documentation. NI-VISA. In MATLAB, the following. 500 S/s, ±20 mA, 16-Channel C Series Current Input Module. In SignalExpress and depending on your hardware, you have three methods to start the modules at the same type: External trigger. Three-component force sensor HBM MSC10-005-3C, connected to a National Instruments (NI) cDAQ-9178 via a NI-9237 module for data acquisition. ) 59. The BNC or SMB terminals of different chassis can be connected to route triggers and timing signals. 然后打开Labview界面，点击工具，选择下面的第一个选项。. El cDAQ‑9178 es un chasis USB CompactDAQ diseñado para sistemas pequeños y portátiles de medidas de sensor. Free shipping. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. Ethernet、GPIB、シリアル、USBおよびその他のタイプの計測器をサポートします。. Use this guide to select the correct power connector for your CompactDAQ Controller or Chassis. to access locked versions. The chassis provides the plug-and-play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. Hello, I am using the cDAQ 9178 chassis with the NI 9266 Current Output Module. 机箱通过即插即用的USB可轻松连接传感器和电气测量。. The cDAQ‑9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. 0 has the following requirements: 1 GHz or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor. 3. 3V, but rather the low state is at 1. The chassis provides the plug-and-play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. 1. You just need to specify that you will be using one PFI line for your triggering signal, and the other PFI line. Locate the cDAQ in NI MAX, and note its name. The cDAQ‑9179 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. Has usb, ethernet, or wifi, mult slots to account for i/o for variouse applications. It also controls the timing, synchronisation, and data transfer between C Series I/O modules and an external host. The cDAQ‑9178 is a CompactDAQ USB chassis designed for small, portable sensor measurement systems. 8 or later. LabVIEW was selected as a readout program because it interfaces well with the NI readout modules. Refer to the Using Network Synchronization in Your Acquisition topic for more information. The included device driver communicates with the firmware to help you set up and control how the cDAQ-9188 operates. 2 kS/s/ch, mounted on 8-slot USB chassis NI cDAQ 9178. The chassis provides the plug‑and‑play simplicity of USB to sensor and electrical measurements. El cDAQ-9178 es un chasis USB CompactDAQ diseñado para sistemas de medición de sensores pequeños y portátiles. Title: NI cDAQ-9174/9178 USB Chassis Quick Start - National Instruments Author: Technical Communications Keywords: cDAQ-9178 USB chassis cDAQ9178 cDAQ 9178 9178. Several Arduino modules described in section 4.